Chapter 1-Section 1
technology-a scientific or industrial process, invention, method, or the like
astrolabe- an astronomical instrument for taking the altitude of the sun or stars for navigation
circumnavigate- to sail or fly around (ex: to circumnavigate the earth)
conquistador-one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico in the 16th century
pueblo-a comunal estructure for multiple dwelling and defensive purposes
presidio-a garrisoned fort; military post
Northwest Passage- a more direct waterway through the Americas
Chapter 1-Section 2
capitalism-an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations
joint-stock company-A company in which investors buy stock in the company in return for a share of its future profits
entrepreneur-Someone who starts there own business
bullion- gold and silver
colony- a settlement of people living in a new territory controlled by their home country
Columbian Exchange- the global exchange of people, goods, technology, ideas, and disease
Chapter 1- Section 3
rule of law- the law should apply to everyone equally and all people should be treated the same
covenant- the agreement between the Jews and their God
theology- the study of religion and God
Renaissance- the period of intellectual and artistic creativity between 1350 and 1550
scientific method- an orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence
philosophe- the French word for "philosopher"
Chapter 2- Section 1
charter-the right to organize a settlement
burgess- representative
Mayflower Compact- formal document signed by the Pilgrims which set up a civil government
constitution- a formal plan of government
toleration- the acceptance of different beliefs
dissenter- people who disagreed with established views
persecute- to treat harshly because of beliefs or differences
diversity- variety
debtor- people who are unable to repay their debts
Chapter2- Section 2
subsistence farming- farming where you produce just enough to meet the needs of your family, with little left over to sell or exchange
triangular trade- the trade routes between Europe, Africa and the Americas
cash crop- crops that could be sold easily
indentured servant- laborers who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time to pay for their passage to America
overseer- the plantation boss
charter colony- a colony which had a grant of rights and privileges granted by the English monarch to stockholders
proprietary colony- a colony owned by an individual proprietor or by a small group of proprietors
royal colony- a colony under direct English control
Chapter 2- Section 3
import- something brought from a foreign country
boycott- to refuse to buy
smuggling- to trade illegally with other nations
repeal- to cancel
resolution-a formal expression of an opinion
militia- a group of citizen soldiers
minutemen- militiamen who boasted they could be ready to fight on a minutes notice
Chapter 2 - Section 4
petition- a formal request
preamble- introduction
Patriots- Americans who supported independence
neutral- taking neither side in a conflict
Loyalists- those who remained loyal to Great Britain
guerrilla warfare- a hit-and-run technique of warfare
Chapter 3 - Section 1
popular sovereignty- government by consent of the governed
bicameral- divided into 2 parts
confederation- a voluntary association of independent states
sovereignty- supreme power
ratify- approve
ordinance- a law
right of deposit- permission to put goods ashore for transfer to ocean going ships
Chapter 3 -Section 2
depression-a period when economic activity slows and unemployment rises
manumission- the freeing of individual enslaved persons
proportional- corresponding in size
compromise- an agreement between two or more sides in which each side gives up some of what it wants
Chapter 3- Section 3
Enlightenment- a movement of the 1700s that promoted knowledge, reason, and science as the means to improve society
federalism- sharing power between federal and state governments
article- part
legislative branch- lawmaking branch
executive branch- the branch of government headed by the President in charge of carrying out the nation's laws
judicial branch- court system
checks and balances- roles each branch holds that check, or limit, the other branches so that one branch can't dominate the government
ratify- to approve
Federalist- supporters of the Constitution
Antifederalist- those who were opposed to the ratifi
Chapter 4- Section 1
Preamble- introduction
popular sovereignty- authority of the people
republicanism- a system of limited government where the people are the ultimate source of govermental power
federalism- a system of government where power is shared between state and federal governments
enumerated powers- powers belonging only to the federal government
reserved powers- powers retained by the states
concurrent powers- powers shared by state and federal governments
amendment- changes to the Constitution
implied powers- powers not specifically defined in the Constitution
judicial review- the ability of the Supreme Court to decide whether a law is Constitutional or not
Chapter 4- Section 2
appropriate- to set aside funds
impeach- to bring formal charges against
constituents- the people of a Congress members home state or district
Chapter 4- Section 3
due process of law- government must follow certain procedures that have been established by law and are guaranteed in the Constitution
citizen-a person who owes loyalty to and is entitled to the protection of a state or nation
naturalization- the process through which a person of foreign birth can become a citizen
Chapter 5- Section 1
precedent- traditions
cabinet- presidential advisors
national debt- the amount the nation's government owes
bond- paper notes promising to repay the money in a certain length of time
speculator- people who take risks with their money in order to make a larger profit
unconstitutional- inconsistent with the Constitution
tariff- a tax on imports
Chapter 5- Section 2
neutrality- to not take sides in a conflict
impressment- to force people into military service after capture
Chapter 5- Section 3
partisan- favoring one side of an issue
implied powers- powers that were suggested but not directly stated in the Constitution
caucus- a meeting where members of Congress and other leaders chose their party's candidates for office
alien- immigrants who are not citizens but are living in the country
sedition- refers to activities aimed at weakening established government
nullify- to legally overturn
states' rights- limiting the federal government to those powers clearly assigned to it by the Constitution and reserving to the states all other powers not expressly forbidden to them
Chapter 6- Section 1
laissez-faire- a philosophy of government with the meaning, 'let people do as they choose"
judicial review- the ability of the Supreme Court to decide whether a law is Constitutional or not
Chapter 6- Section 2
Conestoga Wagon- sturdy vehicles topped with white canvas
secede- to withdraw
Chapter 6 Section 3
nationalism- a feeling of pride in a nation and loyalty to its goals
planters- large landowners (mainly in the south)
Chapter 7- Section 1
tribute- money given to protect yourself
neutral rights- the right to sail the seas and not take sides
embargo- prohibits trade with another country
War Hawks- young Republicans in Congress in 1810 who pressured the president to declare war against Britain
Chapter 7- Section 2
frigate- warship
privateer- armed private ships
Chapter 7- Section 3
disarmament- the removal of weapons
demilitarize- a border without armed forces
court-martial- trial by a military court
Chapter 8- Section 1
Industrial Revolution- the changes in the manufacturing system during the mid-1700s
capitalism- the economic system of the United States where individuals put their money, or capital, into a business in hopes of making a profit
free enterprise- an economic system where people are free to buy, sell, and produce whatever they want
technology- scientific discoveries that simplify work
cotton gin- a simple machine that quickly and efficiently removed seeds from cotton fiber
patent- gives an inventor to sole legal right to the invention and its profits for a certain period of time
factory system- a system that brought manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency
interchangeable parts- identical machine parts that can be put together quickly to make a complete product
Chapter 8- Section 2
census- the official count of a population
turnpike- toll roads
canal- an artificial waterway
lock-separate compartments along a canal where water levels can be raised or lowered
Chapter 8- Section 3
trade union- organizations of workers with the same trade
strike- refusing to work in order to put pressure on employees
prejudice- an unfair opinion that is not based on facts
discrimination- unfair treatment of a group
famine- an extreme shortage of food
nativist- people opposed to immigration because they feared it threatened the future of "native" citizens
Chapter 8- Section 4
utopia- communities based on a vision of a perfect society
revival- frontier camp meeting during the Second Great Awakening
temperance- drinking little or no alcohol
transcendentalist- people who stressed the relationship of humans and nature, as well as the importance of the individual conscience
Chapter 8- Section 5
suffrage- the right to vote
coeducation- the teaching of boys and girls together
Chapter 9- Section 1
cotton gin- a compact machine that removed seeds from cotton fibers
capital- money to invest in businesses
Chapter 9- Section 2
yeoman- farmers who did not have slaves
tenant farmers- farmers who rented land from another farmer
fixed costs- regular expenses
credit- a form of loan
overseer- a plantation manager
Chapter 9- Section 3
spiritual- an African American religious folk song
slave codes- the laws in the southern states that controlled enslaved people
Chapter 10- Section 1
favorite son-presidential candidates whose home states supported them rather then the national party
plurality- largest single share
mudslinging- attempts to ruin your opponents reputation with insults
landslide- an overwhelming victory
suffrage- the right to vote
bureaucracy- a system in which non elected officials carry out laws
spoils system- the practice of replacing government employees with the winning candidate's supporters
caucus- system where major political candidates are chosen by committees made up of members of Congress
tariff- a fee paid by merchants who imported goods
nullify- to cancel
secede- to break away
Chapter 10- Section 2
relocate- to move from one area to another
guerrilla tactics- making surprise attacks then retreating
Chapter 10- Section 3
veto- to reject
depression- a period in which business and employment fall to a very low level
laissez-faire- the principle that a government should interfere as little as possible
Chapter 11- Section 1
joint occupation- people from both the U.S. and Great Britain could settle in the Oregon Territory
mountain man- trapper hired by fur companies to hunt for beaver pelts, and find and map trails out west
rendezvous- meeting
emigrant- a person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere
Manifest Destiny- the belief that it was in God's will for America to extend from coast to coast
Chapter 11- Section 2
Tejano- Mexicans who claimed Texas as their home
empresario- people who attained land grants and recruited people to settle in Texas
decree- an official order
annex- to take control of
Chapter 11- Section 3
ranchero- Mexican ranch owners
rancho- huge properties built for livestock
Californio- Mexicans who lived in California
cede- to give up
Chapter 11- Section 4
forty-niner- gold seeking people who arrived in California in 1849
boomtown- communities that grew almost overnight during the Gold Rush
vigilante- a citizen who takes the law into their own hands
Chapter 12- Section 1
abolitionist- reformers who worked to abolish slavery
Underground Railroad- a network of safe-houses that helped runaway African Americans to freedom
Chapter 12- Section 2
sectionalism- an exaggerated loyalty to a particular region of the country
nullify- legally overturn
protective tariff- taxes placed on goods that come from another country
fugitive-a runaway
secede- to break away, or leave
abstain- to not cast votes
Chapter 12- Section 3
popular sovereignty- allowing the people to decide
border ruffians-Missourians who traveled into Kansas to vote in the election on whether to allow slavery or not
civil war- conflict between citizens of the same country
Chapter 12- Section 4
arsenal- a storage place for weapons and ammunition
martyr- a person who dies for a cause he believes in
Chapter 12-Section 5
border states- states that were divided on whether to stay in the Union or join the Confederacy
secession- withdrawal from the Union
states rights'- rights of individual states outside of the federal government
Chapter 13- Section 1
border states- Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware, and Maryland (States that remained in the Union but allowed slavery)
blockade- to close off an area
offensive- to go on the attack
Rebel- name for the Confederate soldiers
Yankee- name for the Union Soldiers
Chapter 13- Section 2
ironclad- a warship covered with iron
casualties- people killed or wounded
Chapter 13- Section 3
emancipate- to free
ratify- to approve
Chapter 13- Section 4
habeas corpus- guarantees the accused the right to a hearing before being jailed
draft- law that required men between the ages of 18-35 to serve in the army for 3 years
bounty- payment to encourage volunteering for the army
inflation- general increase in the level of prices
Chapter 13- Section 5
entrench- to set up in a strong position
total war- the act of destroying anything useful to your enemy
technology-a scientific or industrial process, invention, method, or the like
astrolabe- an astronomical instrument for taking the altitude of the sun or stars for navigation
circumnavigate- to sail or fly around (ex: to circumnavigate the earth)
conquistador-one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico in the 16th century
pueblo-a comunal estructure for multiple dwelling and defensive purposes
presidio-a garrisoned fort; military post
Northwest Passage- a more direct waterway through the Americas
Chapter 1-Section 2
capitalism-an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations
joint-stock company-A company in which investors buy stock in the company in return for a share of its future profits
entrepreneur-Someone who starts there own business
bullion- gold and silver
colony- a settlement of people living in a new territory controlled by their home country
Columbian Exchange- the global exchange of people, goods, technology, ideas, and disease
Chapter 1- Section 3
rule of law- the law should apply to everyone equally and all people should be treated the same
covenant- the agreement between the Jews and their God
theology- the study of religion and God
Renaissance- the period of intellectual and artistic creativity between 1350 and 1550
scientific method- an orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence
philosophe- the French word for "philosopher"
Chapter 2- Section 1
charter-the right to organize a settlement
burgess- representative
Mayflower Compact- formal document signed by the Pilgrims which set up a civil government
constitution- a formal plan of government
toleration- the acceptance of different beliefs
dissenter- people who disagreed with established views
persecute- to treat harshly because of beliefs or differences
diversity- variety
debtor- people who are unable to repay their debts
Chapter2- Section 2
subsistence farming- farming where you produce just enough to meet the needs of your family, with little left over to sell or exchange
triangular trade- the trade routes between Europe, Africa and the Americas
cash crop- crops that could be sold easily
indentured servant- laborers who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time to pay for their passage to America
overseer- the plantation boss
charter colony- a colony which had a grant of rights and privileges granted by the English monarch to stockholders
proprietary colony- a colony owned by an individual proprietor or by a small group of proprietors
royal colony- a colony under direct English control
Chapter 2- Section 3
import- something brought from a foreign country
boycott- to refuse to buy
smuggling- to trade illegally with other nations
repeal- to cancel
resolution-a formal expression of an opinion
militia- a group of citizen soldiers
minutemen- militiamen who boasted they could be ready to fight on a minutes notice
Chapter 2 - Section 4
petition- a formal request
preamble- introduction
Patriots- Americans who supported independence
neutral- taking neither side in a conflict
Loyalists- those who remained loyal to Great Britain
guerrilla warfare- a hit-and-run technique of warfare
Chapter 3 - Section 1
popular sovereignty- government by consent of the governed
bicameral- divided into 2 parts
confederation- a voluntary association of independent states
sovereignty- supreme power
ratify- approve
ordinance- a law
right of deposit- permission to put goods ashore for transfer to ocean going ships
Chapter 3 -Section 2
depression-a period when economic activity slows and unemployment rises
manumission- the freeing of individual enslaved persons
proportional- corresponding in size
compromise- an agreement between two or more sides in which each side gives up some of what it wants
Chapter 3- Section 3
Enlightenment- a movement of the 1700s that promoted knowledge, reason, and science as the means to improve society
federalism- sharing power between federal and state governments
article- part
legislative branch- lawmaking branch
executive branch- the branch of government headed by the President in charge of carrying out the nation's laws
judicial branch- court system
checks and balances- roles each branch holds that check, or limit, the other branches so that one branch can't dominate the government
ratify- to approve
Federalist- supporters of the Constitution
Antifederalist- those who were opposed to the ratifi
Chapter 4- Section 1
Preamble- introduction
popular sovereignty- authority of the people
republicanism- a system of limited government where the people are the ultimate source of govermental power
federalism- a system of government where power is shared between state and federal governments
enumerated powers- powers belonging only to the federal government
reserved powers- powers retained by the states
concurrent powers- powers shared by state and federal governments
amendment- changes to the Constitution
implied powers- powers not specifically defined in the Constitution
judicial review- the ability of the Supreme Court to decide whether a law is Constitutional or not
Chapter 4- Section 2
appropriate- to set aside funds
impeach- to bring formal charges against
constituents- the people of a Congress members home state or district
Chapter 4- Section 3
due process of law- government must follow certain procedures that have been established by law and are guaranteed in the Constitution
citizen-a person who owes loyalty to and is entitled to the protection of a state or nation
naturalization- the process through which a person of foreign birth can become a citizen
Chapter 5- Section 1
precedent- traditions
cabinet- presidential advisors
national debt- the amount the nation's government owes
bond- paper notes promising to repay the money in a certain length of time
speculator- people who take risks with their money in order to make a larger profit
unconstitutional- inconsistent with the Constitution
tariff- a tax on imports
Chapter 5- Section 2
neutrality- to not take sides in a conflict
impressment- to force people into military service after capture
Chapter 5- Section 3
partisan- favoring one side of an issue
implied powers- powers that were suggested but not directly stated in the Constitution
caucus- a meeting where members of Congress and other leaders chose their party's candidates for office
alien- immigrants who are not citizens but are living in the country
sedition- refers to activities aimed at weakening established government
nullify- to legally overturn
states' rights- limiting the federal government to those powers clearly assigned to it by the Constitution and reserving to the states all other powers not expressly forbidden to them
Chapter 6- Section 1
laissez-faire- a philosophy of government with the meaning, 'let people do as they choose"
judicial review- the ability of the Supreme Court to decide whether a law is Constitutional or not
Chapter 6- Section 2
Conestoga Wagon- sturdy vehicles topped with white canvas
secede- to withdraw
Chapter 6 Section 3
nationalism- a feeling of pride in a nation and loyalty to its goals
planters- large landowners (mainly in the south)
Chapter 7- Section 1
tribute- money given to protect yourself
neutral rights- the right to sail the seas and not take sides
embargo- prohibits trade with another country
War Hawks- young Republicans in Congress in 1810 who pressured the president to declare war against Britain
Chapter 7- Section 2
frigate- warship
privateer- armed private ships
Chapter 7- Section 3
disarmament- the removal of weapons
demilitarize- a border without armed forces
court-martial- trial by a military court
Chapter 8- Section 1
Industrial Revolution- the changes in the manufacturing system during the mid-1700s
capitalism- the economic system of the United States where individuals put their money, or capital, into a business in hopes of making a profit
free enterprise- an economic system where people are free to buy, sell, and produce whatever they want
technology- scientific discoveries that simplify work
cotton gin- a simple machine that quickly and efficiently removed seeds from cotton fiber
patent- gives an inventor to sole legal right to the invention and its profits for a certain period of time
factory system- a system that brought manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency
interchangeable parts- identical machine parts that can be put together quickly to make a complete product
Chapter 8- Section 2
census- the official count of a population
turnpike- toll roads
canal- an artificial waterway
lock-separate compartments along a canal where water levels can be raised or lowered
Chapter 8- Section 3
trade union- organizations of workers with the same trade
strike- refusing to work in order to put pressure on employees
prejudice- an unfair opinion that is not based on facts
discrimination- unfair treatment of a group
famine- an extreme shortage of food
nativist- people opposed to immigration because they feared it threatened the future of "native" citizens
Chapter 8- Section 4
utopia- communities based on a vision of a perfect society
revival- frontier camp meeting during the Second Great Awakening
temperance- drinking little or no alcohol
transcendentalist- people who stressed the relationship of humans and nature, as well as the importance of the individual conscience
Chapter 8- Section 5
suffrage- the right to vote
coeducation- the teaching of boys and girls together
Chapter 9- Section 1
cotton gin- a compact machine that removed seeds from cotton fibers
capital- money to invest in businesses
Chapter 9- Section 2
yeoman- farmers who did not have slaves
tenant farmers- farmers who rented land from another farmer
fixed costs- regular expenses
credit- a form of loan
overseer- a plantation manager
Chapter 9- Section 3
spiritual- an African American religious folk song
slave codes- the laws in the southern states that controlled enslaved people
Chapter 10- Section 1
favorite son-presidential candidates whose home states supported them rather then the national party
plurality- largest single share
mudslinging- attempts to ruin your opponents reputation with insults
landslide- an overwhelming victory
suffrage- the right to vote
bureaucracy- a system in which non elected officials carry out laws
spoils system- the practice of replacing government employees with the winning candidate's supporters
caucus- system where major political candidates are chosen by committees made up of members of Congress
tariff- a fee paid by merchants who imported goods
nullify- to cancel
secede- to break away
Chapter 10- Section 2
relocate- to move from one area to another
guerrilla tactics- making surprise attacks then retreating
Chapter 10- Section 3
veto- to reject
depression- a period in which business and employment fall to a very low level
laissez-faire- the principle that a government should interfere as little as possible
Chapter 11- Section 1
joint occupation- people from both the U.S. and Great Britain could settle in the Oregon Territory
mountain man- trapper hired by fur companies to hunt for beaver pelts, and find and map trails out west
rendezvous- meeting
emigrant- a person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere
Manifest Destiny- the belief that it was in God's will for America to extend from coast to coast
Chapter 11- Section 2
Tejano- Mexicans who claimed Texas as their home
empresario- people who attained land grants and recruited people to settle in Texas
decree- an official order
annex- to take control of
Chapter 11- Section 3
ranchero- Mexican ranch owners
rancho- huge properties built for livestock
Californio- Mexicans who lived in California
cede- to give up
Chapter 11- Section 4
forty-niner- gold seeking people who arrived in California in 1849
boomtown- communities that grew almost overnight during the Gold Rush
vigilante- a citizen who takes the law into their own hands
Chapter 12- Section 1
abolitionist- reformers who worked to abolish slavery
Underground Railroad- a network of safe-houses that helped runaway African Americans to freedom
Chapter 12- Section 2
sectionalism- an exaggerated loyalty to a particular region of the country
nullify- legally overturn
protective tariff- taxes placed on goods that come from another country
fugitive-a runaway
secede- to break away, or leave
abstain- to not cast votes
Chapter 12- Section 3
popular sovereignty- allowing the people to decide
border ruffians-Missourians who traveled into Kansas to vote in the election on whether to allow slavery or not
civil war- conflict between citizens of the same country
Chapter 12- Section 4
arsenal- a storage place for weapons and ammunition
martyr- a person who dies for a cause he believes in
Chapter 12-Section 5
border states- states that were divided on whether to stay in the Union or join the Confederacy
secession- withdrawal from the Union
states rights'- rights of individual states outside of the federal government
Chapter 13- Section 1
border states- Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware, and Maryland (States that remained in the Union but allowed slavery)
blockade- to close off an area
offensive- to go on the attack
Rebel- name for the Confederate soldiers
Yankee- name for the Union Soldiers
Chapter 13- Section 2
ironclad- a warship covered with iron
casualties- people killed or wounded
Chapter 13- Section 3
emancipate- to free
ratify- to approve
Chapter 13- Section 4
habeas corpus- guarantees the accused the right to a hearing before being jailed
draft- law that required men between the ages of 18-35 to serve in the army for 3 years
bounty- payment to encourage volunteering for the army
inflation- general increase in the level of prices
Chapter 13- Section 5
entrench- to set up in a strong position
total war- the act of destroying anything useful to your enemy