Northeast: Economic Growth and People:
Industrial Revolution:
-Started in England in mid 1700's; then in NE around 1800
-Farming was difficult-people willing to leave farms and work in factories
-Machines were made that increased work production
-American economic system of capitalism and free enterprise were essential
New England Factories:
-Francis Cabot Lowell-factory system-all manufacturing steps under one roof
-Interchangeable parts-identical machine parts
-Could produce different goods on mass scale and decrease price of goods
Working Conditions:
-By 1840, worked an average of 11.4 hours
-Lots of injuries-lost fingers, broken bones from rapidly spinning belts
-Children especially at risk of injury
-Hot in summer and bitterly cold in winter
-No regulations or laws to protect workers
Women Workers:
-Paid less than males
-Men excluded them for early unions b/c they feared women taking their jobs
-Sarah G. Bagley-founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Org. and Petitioned for 1-hr workday
Laid foundation for other movements for equality
Rise Of Cities:
-Grew near rivers and streams for the water power
-Buildings made of wood or brick
-No sewers to carry waste and dirty water away-danger of disease
-Fires a huge threat-sparks from fireplaces ignited wooden buildings
-Advantages-libraries, museums and shops
Immigration:
-Irish the majority-came to escape the potato famine(Which killed>1 million)
-Most Irish too poor to buy land-took low paying factory jobs
-2nd largest group were Germans. German Jews came seeking religious freedom
-Many Germans arrived with money and prospered
Immigrants and Prejudice:
-Some resented immigrants bringing their culture with them
-Nativists-group who believed immigration threatened the future of native American-born citizens
-Accused immigrants of bringing disease, crime and taking jobs from citizens
-Know-Nothing Party-secret Anti-Catholic political party who wanted stricter citizenship laws
The Reforming Spirit in 19th Century America:
Reformers wanted to extend the ideals of liberty and equality to all Americans, regardless of race, religion, or gender.
19th Century Reformers:
-Horace Mann, the father of American public education
-Advocated for a free public school system funded by the government
-Extended length of school year, improved curriculum, doubled teachers' salaries, and ensured better teacher training
-Established the first school to train teachers in 1839(The Normal School)
-By the 1850s most states accepted three principles regarding public education
-school should be free and supported by taxes
-Teachers should be well-trained
-School attendance should be mandatory
-Dorothea Dix, advocate for prisoners and mentally ill
-Dedicated her life to educating the public about the poor treatment of prisoners and mentally ill
Women Suffragists:
-The right to vote
-Suffragists: Men and women who fought for women to get the right to vote.
Seneca Falls Convention
-Women's rights convention held in the US
-Held in NY in 1848
-Women had fought for African-Americans to get the right to vote
-Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
-Susan B. Anthony joined the cause 4 years later
Declaration Of Sentiments:
-Using language from the Declaration of Independence to state the rights they felt they were entitled to as American citizens
-"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are equal"
-They were questioning democracy in the US!
Wyoming:
-The first state to grant women the right to vote in 1869
-By the end of the 19th century Idaho, Colorado and Utah had granted women's suffrage
The Fifteenth Amendment, 1871:
-Granted African-American men right to vote
-Disappointed many women who thought African-American men and women would be enfranchised together
-African-Americans were split over whether men should get vote before women
Frederick Douglas, 1869:
-abolitionist, wanted black men to vote before women
-against slavery
Before 1910:
-National American Women Suffrage Association(NAWSA)
-Big leaders:Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
-Two big strategies:
-Try to win suffrage state by state
-Try to pass a Constitutional Amendment(but this would need t be ratified by 36 states-or three-fourths)
The Suffragists:
-Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Abolitionists with her husband. Concerned about: women's parental and custody rights, property rights, employment and income rights, the economic health of the family. Outspoken supporter of the temperance movement.
Susan B. Anthony:
-In the late 1800s Susan B. Anthony tried several times to introduce an Amendment bill for women's suffrage, but it always was killed in the senate.
-Involved in the temperance and-anti-slavery movements
Lucretia Mott:
-Abolitionist, social reformer. First American ¨feminist¨. Wrote ¨Discourse on Women¨, A book about the restrictions on women in The US.
Anti-Suffragists:
-Those who opposed extending the vote to women were called anti-suffragists. Many anti´s were women.
The Next Generation:
-But in the early 1900s many young, middle-class women were going to college and joining the suffrage movement.
The Debate Over Slavery:
-Antislavery literature and the annexation of new lands intensified the debate over slavery
-The addition of new land in the West renewed disputes over the expansion of slavery
-The Compromise of 1850 tried to solve the disputes over slavery
-The fugitive Slave Act caused more controversy
-Abolitionists used antislavery literature to promote opposition
Main Idea 1: The addition of new land in the West renewed disputes over the expansion of slavery
-additional land gained after Mexican-American War caused bitter slavery dispute
-Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited slavery north of latitude 36 30´
-President Polk wanted to extend the line to the West Coast, dividing Mexican Cession into free and enslaved parts
-Some leaders wanted popular sovereignty, the idea that political power belongs to the people, to decide on banning or allowing salary
Regional Differences about Slavery
Growing Sectionalism:
-some northerners anted to ban slavery in the Mexican Cession
-The Wilmot Proviso, prohibiting slavery there, was proposed but not enacted
-Sectionalism , favoring the interests of one section or region over the interests of the entire country, was on the rise
-antislavery northerners formed a new party-the Free-Soil Party- to support the William Proviso
California Question
-California applied to enter the Union
-Southerners did not want California to
Main Idea 2: The Compromise of 1850 tried to solve the disputes over slavery
-Senator Henry Clay offered Compromise of 1850
-California would enter the Union as a free state
-The rest of the Mexican Cession would be a federal land. The slavery question would be decide by popular sovereignty
-Government pays Texas debt
-Slave trade, but not slavery would end in the capital
-a more effective fugitive slave law would be passed
-The Compromise was enacted and settled most disputes between slave and free states
Main Idea 3: Fugitive Slave Act
-Made it a crime to help runaway slaves and allowed officials to arrest runaway slaves in free areas
-Slaveholders could take suspected fugitives to Commissioners who decided their fate, they received more money for returning them
-accused fugitives could not testify on their own behalf
Reaction to Act
-enforcement of act immediate
-thousands of northern African Americans went to Canada in fear
-act upset northerners
-Anthony Burns was fugitive returned to slavery with federal help in 1854
-Persuaded many to join abolitionist cause
Main Idea 4: Abolitionists used antislavery literature to promote opposition
-Northern abolitionists used stories of fugitive slaves to gain sympathy for their cause
-Fiction also informed people about the evils of slavery
-Uncle Tomś Cabin by Harriet Stowe was an influential antislavery novel published in 1852
-More than 2 million copies sold within a decade
-still widely read as source about harsh realities of slavery
The Candidates:
Southern Candidates:
-Nominated John Breckenridge
-Platform called for slave code for territories
Northern Democrats:
-Nominated Stephen Douglas
-Platform endorsed Freeport Doctrine
Republicans:
-Nominated Abraham Lincoln
-Platform denounced slavery but also Browns raid
Constitution Union Party:
-Nominated John Bell
The Election of 1860:
-Republicans focused on corruption in Buchanan Administration
-Southern Democrats spread rumors of slave uprisings
-Douglas spent last weeks of campaign in South, warning against secession
-Lincoln won without receiving any Southern votes
Secession:
-80% average approval of secession in state convention
-Declarations made it clear slavery was underlying cause
-Defense of secession based on 2 arguments: state sovereignty Right of revolution
Order Of Secession:
1. South Carolina
2. Mississippi
3. Florida
4. Alabama
5. Georgia
6. Louisiana
7. Texas
States that Seceded Before the Battle of Fort Sumter
8. Virginia
9. Arkansas
10. North Carolina
11. Tennessee
Industrial Revolution:
-Started in England in mid 1700's; then in NE around 1800
-Farming was difficult-people willing to leave farms and work in factories
-Machines were made that increased work production
-American economic system of capitalism and free enterprise were essential
New England Factories:
-Francis Cabot Lowell-factory system-all manufacturing steps under one roof
-Interchangeable parts-identical machine parts
-Could produce different goods on mass scale and decrease price of goods
Working Conditions:
-By 1840, worked an average of 11.4 hours
-Lots of injuries-lost fingers, broken bones from rapidly spinning belts
-Children especially at risk of injury
-Hot in summer and bitterly cold in winter
-No regulations or laws to protect workers
Women Workers:
-Paid less than males
-Men excluded them for early unions b/c they feared women taking their jobs
-Sarah G. Bagley-founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Org. and Petitioned for 1-hr workday
Laid foundation for other movements for equality
Rise Of Cities:
-Grew near rivers and streams for the water power
-Buildings made of wood or brick
-No sewers to carry waste and dirty water away-danger of disease
-Fires a huge threat-sparks from fireplaces ignited wooden buildings
-Advantages-libraries, museums and shops
Immigration:
-Irish the majority-came to escape the potato famine(Which killed>1 million)
-Most Irish too poor to buy land-took low paying factory jobs
-2nd largest group were Germans. German Jews came seeking religious freedom
-Many Germans arrived with money and prospered
Immigrants and Prejudice:
-Some resented immigrants bringing their culture with them
-Nativists-group who believed immigration threatened the future of native American-born citizens
-Accused immigrants of bringing disease, crime and taking jobs from citizens
-Know-Nothing Party-secret Anti-Catholic political party who wanted stricter citizenship laws
The Reforming Spirit in 19th Century America:
Reformers wanted to extend the ideals of liberty and equality to all Americans, regardless of race, religion, or gender.
19th Century Reformers:
-Horace Mann, the father of American public education
-Advocated for a free public school system funded by the government
-Extended length of school year, improved curriculum, doubled teachers' salaries, and ensured better teacher training
-Established the first school to train teachers in 1839(The Normal School)
-By the 1850s most states accepted three principles regarding public education
-school should be free and supported by taxes
-Teachers should be well-trained
-School attendance should be mandatory
-Dorothea Dix, advocate for prisoners and mentally ill
-Dedicated her life to educating the public about the poor treatment of prisoners and mentally ill
Women Suffragists:
-The right to vote
-Suffragists: Men and women who fought for women to get the right to vote.
Seneca Falls Convention
-Women's rights convention held in the US
-Held in NY in 1848
-Women had fought for African-Americans to get the right to vote
-Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
-Susan B. Anthony joined the cause 4 years later
Declaration Of Sentiments:
-Using language from the Declaration of Independence to state the rights they felt they were entitled to as American citizens
-"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are equal"
-They were questioning democracy in the US!
Wyoming:
-The first state to grant women the right to vote in 1869
-By the end of the 19th century Idaho, Colorado and Utah had granted women's suffrage
The Fifteenth Amendment, 1871:
-Granted African-American men right to vote
-Disappointed many women who thought African-American men and women would be enfranchised together
-African-Americans were split over whether men should get vote before women
Frederick Douglas, 1869:
-abolitionist, wanted black men to vote before women
-against slavery
Before 1910:
-National American Women Suffrage Association(NAWSA)
-Big leaders:Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
-Two big strategies:
-Try to win suffrage state by state
-Try to pass a Constitutional Amendment(but this would need t be ratified by 36 states-or three-fourths)
The Suffragists:
-Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Abolitionists with her husband. Concerned about: women's parental and custody rights, property rights, employment and income rights, the economic health of the family. Outspoken supporter of the temperance movement.
Susan B. Anthony:
-In the late 1800s Susan B. Anthony tried several times to introduce an Amendment bill for women's suffrage, but it always was killed in the senate.
-Involved in the temperance and-anti-slavery movements
Lucretia Mott:
-Abolitionist, social reformer. First American ¨feminist¨. Wrote ¨Discourse on Women¨, A book about the restrictions on women in The US.
Anti-Suffragists:
-Those who opposed extending the vote to women were called anti-suffragists. Many anti´s were women.
The Next Generation:
-But in the early 1900s many young, middle-class women were going to college and joining the suffrage movement.
The Debate Over Slavery:
-Antislavery literature and the annexation of new lands intensified the debate over slavery
-The addition of new land in the West renewed disputes over the expansion of slavery
-The Compromise of 1850 tried to solve the disputes over slavery
-The fugitive Slave Act caused more controversy
-Abolitionists used antislavery literature to promote opposition
Main Idea 1: The addition of new land in the West renewed disputes over the expansion of slavery
-additional land gained after Mexican-American War caused bitter slavery dispute
-Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited slavery north of latitude 36 30´
-President Polk wanted to extend the line to the West Coast, dividing Mexican Cession into free and enslaved parts
-Some leaders wanted popular sovereignty, the idea that political power belongs to the people, to decide on banning or allowing salary
Regional Differences about Slavery
Growing Sectionalism:
-some northerners anted to ban slavery in the Mexican Cession
-The Wilmot Proviso, prohibiting slavery there, was proposed but not enacted
-Sectionalism , favoring the interests of one section or region over the interests of the entire country, was on the rise
-antislavery northerners formed a new party-the Free-Soil Party- to support the William Proviso
California Question
-California applied to enter the Union
-Southerners did not want California to
Main Idea 2: The Compromise of 1850 tried to solve the disputes over slavery
-Senator Henry Clay offered Compromise of 1850
-California would enter the Union as a free state
-The rest of the Mexican Cession would be a federal land. The slavery question would be decide by popular sovereignty
-Government pays Texas debt
-Slave trade, but not slavery would end in the capital
-a more effective fugitive slave law would be passed
-The Compromise was enacted and settled most disputes between slave and free states
Main Idea 3: Fugitive Slave Act
-Made it a crime to help runaway slaves and allowed officials to arrest runaway slaves in free areas
-Slaveholders could take suspected fugitives to Commissioners who decided their fate, they received more money for returning them
-accused fugitives could not testify on their own behalf
Reaction to Act
-enforcement of act immediate
-thousands of northern African Americans went to Canada in fear
-act upset northerners
-Anthony Burns was fugitive returned to slavery with federal help in 1854
-Persuaded many to join abolitionist cause
Main Idea 4: Abolitionists used antislavery literature to promote opposition
-Northern abolitionists used stories of fugitive slaves to gain sympathy for their cause
-Fiction also informed people about the evils of slavery
-Uncle Tomś Cabin by Harriet Stowe was an influential antislavery novel published in 1852
-More than 2 million copies sold within a decade
-still widely read as source about harsh realities of slavery
The Candidates:
Southern Candidates:
-Nominated John Breckenridge
-Platform called for slave code for territories
Northern Democrats:
-Nominated Stephen Douglas
-Platform endorsed Freeport Doctrine
Republicans:
-Nominated Abraham Lincoln
-Platform denounced slavery but also Browns raid
Constitution Union Party:
-Nominated John Bell
The Election of 1860:
-Republicans focused on corruption in Buchanan Administration
-Southern Democrats spread rumors of slave uprisings
-Douglas spent last weeks of campaign in South, warning against secession
-Lincoln won without receiving any Southern votes
Secession:
-80% average approval of secession in state convention
-Declarations made it clear slavery was underlying cause
-Defense of secession based on 2 arguments: state sovereignty Right of revolution
Order Of Secession:
1. South Carolina
2. Mississippi
3. Florida
4. Alabama
5. Georgia
6. Louisiana
7. Texas
States that Seceded Before the Battle of Fort Sumter
8. Virginia
9. Arkansas
10. North Carolina
11. Tennessee